Repeated signing reveals whether output varies. Across a population, repeated ECDSA values can expose nonce reuse, compromise and implementation anomalies.
Sign the same message twice.
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Repeated signing reveals whether output varies. Across a population, repeated ECDSA values can expose nonce reuse, compromise and implementation anomalies.
Deterministic signing prevents catastrophic dependence on fresh random nonces. Hedged signatures add new randomness to reduce repeated traces and faults without trusting that randomness completely.
Oblivious HTTP partitions network identity and request contents between a relay and a gateway. Padding, discovery, metadata and collusion still determine the privacy of the complete system.